| [PMID]: | 23104556 |
| [Au] Autor: | Rothman DL; De Feyter HM; Maciejewski PK; Behar KL |
| [Ad] Endereço: | Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, CT 06520-8043, USA. douglas.rothman@yale.edu |
| [Ti] Título: | Is there in vivo evidence for amino acid shuttles carrying ammonia from neurons to astrocytes? |
| [So] Source: | Neurochem Res;37(11):2597-612, 2012 Nov. |
| [Is] ISSN: | 1573-6903 |
| [Cp] País de publicação: | United States |
| [La] Idioma: | eng |
| [Ab] Resumo: | The high in vivo flux of the glutamate/glutamine cycle puts a strong demand on the return of ammonia released by phosphate activated glutaminase from the neurons to the astrocytes in order to maintain nitrogen balance. In this paper we review several amino acid shuttles that have been proposed for balancing the nitrogen flows between neurons and astrocytes in the glutamate/glutamine cycle. All of these cycles depend on the directionality of glutamate dehydrogenase, catalyzing reductive glutamate synthesis (forward reaction) in the neuron in order to capture the ammonia released by phosphate activated glutaminase, while catalyzing oxidative deamination of glutamate (reverse reaction) in the astrocytes to release ammonia for glutamine synthesis. Reanalysis of results from in vivo experiments using (13)N and (15)N labeled ammonia and (15)N leucine in rats suggests that the maximum flux of the alanine/lactate or branched chain amino acid/branched chain amino acid transaminase shuttles between neurons and astrocytes are approximately 3-5 times lower than would be required to account for the ammonia transfer from neurons to astrocytes needed for glutamine synthesis (amide nitrogen) to sustain the glutamate/glutamine cycle. However, in the rat brain both the total ammonia fixation rate by glutamate dehydrogenase and the total branched chain amino acid transaminase activity are sufficient to support a branched chain amino acid/branched chain keto acid shuttle, as proposed by Hutson and coworkers, which would support the de novo synthesis of glutamine in the astrocyte to replace the ~20 % of neurotransmitter glutamate that is oxidized. A higher fraction of the nitrogen needs of total glutamate neurotransmitter cycling could be supported by hybrid cycles in which glutamate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates act as a nitrogen shuttle. A limitation of all in vivo studies in animals conducted to date is that none have shown transfer of nitrogen for glutamine amide synthesis, either as free ammonia or via an amino acid from the neurons to the astrocytes. Future work will be needed, perhaps using methods for selectively labeling nitrogen in neurons, to conclusively establish the rate of amino acid nitrogen shuttles in vivo and their coupling to the glutamate/glutamine cycle. |
| [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: |
Aminoácidos/metabolismo
Amônia/metabolismo
Astrócitos/metabolismo
Neurônios/metabolismo
|
| [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: |
Animais
Transporte Biológico
Humanos
Nitrogênio/metabolismo
|
| [Pt] Tipo de publicação: | JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, N.I.H., EXTRAMURAL; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; REVIEW |
[Nm] Nome de substância:
| 0 (Amino Acids); 7664-41-7 (Ammonia); 7727-37-9 (Nitrogen) |
| [Em] Mês de entrada: | 1304 |
| [Cu] Atualização por classe: | 130513 |
[Lr] Data última revisão:
| 130513 |
| [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: | IM |
| [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: | 121105 |
| [St] Status: | MEDLINE |
| [do] DOI: | 10.1007/s11064-012-0898-7 |
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