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[PMID]: 23598358 [Au] Autor: Agrawal AA; Johnson MT; Hastings AP; Maron JL [Ad] Endereço: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. [Ti] Título: A field experiment demonstrating plant life-history evolution and its eco-evolutionary feedback to seed predator populations. [So] Source: Am Nat;181 Suppl 1:S35-45, 2013 May. [Is] ISSN: 1537-5323 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Abstract The extent to which evolutionary change occurs in a predictable manner under field conditions and how evolutionary changes feed back to influence ecological dynamics are fundamental, yet unresolved, questions. To address these issues, we established eight replicate populations of native common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). Each population was planted with 18 genotypes in identical frequency. By tracking genotype frequencies with microsatellite DNA markers over the subsequent three years (up to three generations, ≈5,000 genotyped plants), we show rapid and consistent evolution of two heritable plant life-history traits (shorter life span and later flowering time). This rapid evolution was only partially the result of differential seed production; genotypic variation in seed germination also contributed to the observed evolutionary response. Since evening primrose genotypes exhibited heritable variation for resistance to insect herbivores, which was related to flowering time, we predicted that evolutionary changes in genotype frequencies would feed back to influence populations of a seed predator moth that specializes on O. biennis. By the conclusion of the experiment, variation in the genotypic composition among our eight replicate field populations was highly predictive of moth abundance. These results demonstrate how rapid evolution in field populations of a native plant can influence ecological interactions. [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1304 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [St] Status: In-Data-Review [do] DOI: 10.1086/666727

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[PMID]: 23371533 [Au] Autor: Schantz MM; Sander LC; Sharpless KE; Wise SA; Yen JH; Nguyenpho A; Betz JM [Ad] Endereço: Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA, michele.schantz@nist.gov. [Ti] Título: Development of botanical and fish oil standard reference materials for fatty acids. [So] Source: Anal Bioanal Chem;405(13):4531-8, 2013 May. [Is] ISSN: 1618-2650 [Cp] País de publicação: Germany [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: As part of a collaboration with the National Institutes of Health's Office of Dietary Supplements and the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3274 Botanical Oils Containing Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and SRM 3275 Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Fish Oil. SRM 3274 consists of one ampoule of each of four seed oils (3274-1 Borage (Borago officinalis), 3274-2 Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis), 3274-3 Flax (Linium usitatissimum), and 3274-4 Perilla (Perilla frutescens)), and SRM 3275 consists of two ampoules of each of three fish oils (3275-1 a concentrate high in docosahexaenoic acid, 3275-2 an anchovy oil high in docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and 3275-3 a concentrate containing 60 % long-chain omega-3 fatty acids). Each oil has certified and reference mass fraction values for up to 20 fatty acids. The fatty acid mass fraction values are based on results from analyses using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These SRMs will complement other reference materials currently available with mass fractions for similar analytes and are part of a series of SRMs being developed for dietary supplements. [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1304 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [St] Status: In-Data-Review [do] DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6747-y

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[PMID]: 21449951 [Au] Autor: Evans ME; Hearn DJ; Theiss KE; Cranston K; Holsinger KE; Donoghue MJ [Ad] Endereço: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. margaret.ekevans@gmail.com [Ti] Título: Extreme environments select for reproductive assurance: evidence from evening primroses (Oenothera). [So] Source: New Phytol;191(2):555-63, 2011 Jul. [Is] ISSN: 1469-8137 [Cp] País de publicação: England [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Competing evolutionary forces shape plant breeding systems (e.g. inbreeding depression, reproductive assurance). Which of these forces prevails in a given population or species is predicted to depend upon such factors as life history, ecological conditions, and geographical context. Here, we examined two such predictions: that self-compatibility should be associated with the annual life history or extreme climatic conditions. We analyzed data from a clade of plants remarkable for variation in breeding system, life history and climatic conditions (Oenothera, sections Anogra and Kleinia, Onagraceae). We used a phylogenetic comparative approach and Bayesian or hybrid Bayesian tests to account for phylogenetic uncertainty. Geographic information system (GIS)-based climate data and ecological niche modeling allowed us to quantify climatic conditions. Breeding system and reproductive life span are not correlated in Anogra and Kleinia. Instead, self-compatibility is associated with the extremes of temperature in the coldest part of the year and precipitation in the driest part of the year. In the 60 yr since this pattern was anticipated, this is the first demonstration of a relationship between the evolution of self-compatibility and climatic extremes. We discuss possible explanations for this pattern and possible implications with respect to anthropogenic climate change. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Adaptação Biológica/fisiologia Oenothera biennis/fisiologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Adaptação Biológica/genética Teorema de Bayes Biodiversidade Evolução Biológica Clima Ecossistema Geografia Endogamia Oenothera biennis/genética Filogenia Reprodução/genética [Pt] Tipo de publicação: COMPARATIVE STUDY; JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T [Em] Mês de entrada: 1303 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 110630 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03697.x

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[PMID]: 23311638 [Au] Autor: Granica S; Czerwinska ME; Piwowarski JP; Ziaja M; Kiss AK [Ad] Endereço: Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. sgranica@wum.edu.pl [Ti] Título: Chemical composition, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts prepared from aerial parts of Oenothera biennis L. and Oenothera paradoxa Hudziok obtained after seeds cultivation. [So] Source: J Agric Food Chem;61(4):801-10, 2013 Jan 30. [Is] ISSN: 1520-5118 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: In the present study we investigated the chemical composition of extracts prepared from aerial parts of Oenothera paradoxa Hudziok and Oenothera biennis L. and their antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Ultra high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-DAD-MS/MS studies showed that both extracts contain a wide variety of polyphenols (39 identified constituents) among which macrocyclic ellagitannin turned out to be the main constituent. During the in vitro studies, using noncellular models, both extracts scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a concentration-dependent manner, and the lowest SC(50) values were obtained for O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2). Both extracts inhibited ROS production by stimulated human neutrophils. The stronger activity in the case of formyl-met-leu-phenylalanine stimulation suggests that both extracts may act through the receptor-dependent pathway. O. paradoxa extract and O. biennis extract exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by the inhibition of hyaluronidase and lipoxygenase in a concentration-dependent manner. The stronger activity of O.biennis extract toward lipoxygenase may be explained by its higher oenothein B content. [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T [Em] Mês de entrada: 1301 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [St] Status: In-Process [do] DOI: 10.1021/jf304002h

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[PMID]: 22819447 [Au] Autor: Montserrat-de la Paz S; Fernández-Arche A; Angel-Martín M; García-Giménez MD [Ad] Endereço: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain. delapaz@us.es [Ti] Título: The sterols isolated from Evening Primrose oil modulate the release of proinflammatory mediators. [So] Source: Phytomedicine;19(12):1072-6, 2012 Sep 15. [Is] ISSN: 1618-095X [Cp] País de publicação: Germany [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Evening Primrose oil is a natural product extracted by cold-pressed from Oenothera biennis L. seeds. The unsaponifiable matter of this oil is an important source of interesting minor compounds, like long-chain fatty alcohols, sterols and tocopherols. In the present study, sterols were isolated from the unsaponifiable matter of Evening Primrose oil, and the composition was identified and quantified by GC and GC-MS. The major components of sterols fraction were ß-Sitosterol and campesterol. We investigated the ability of sterols from Evening Primrose oil to inhibit the release of different proinflammatory mediators in vitro by murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Sterols significantly and dose-dependently decreased nitric oxide production. Western blot analysis showed that nitric oxide reduction was a consequence of the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthetase expression. Sterols also reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukine 1ß and tromboxane B2. However, sterols did not reduce prostaglandin E2. The reduction of eicosanoid release was related to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression. These results showed that sterols may have a protective effect on some mediators involved in inflammatory damage development, suggesting its potential value as a putative functional component of Evening Primrose oil. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Colesterol/análogos & derivados Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo Macrófagos/efeitos de drogas Oenothera biennis/química Fitosterois/farmacologia Óleos Vegetais/farmacologia Sitosteroides/farmacologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Colesterol/farmacologia Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga Inflamação/quimioterapia Inflamação/metabolismo Lipopolissacarídeos Macrófagos/metabolismo Camundongos Óxido Nítrico/biossíntese Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/antagonistas & inibidores Fitoterapia Sementes/química [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors); 0 (Inflammation Mediators); 0 (Lipopolysaccharides); 0 (Phytosterols); 0 (Plant Oils); 0 (Sitosterols); 10102-43-9 (Nitric Oxide); 57-88-5 (Cholesterol); 5L5O665639 (campesterol); 5LI01C78DD (gamma-sitosterol); EC 1.14.13.39 (Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1301 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 120917 [St] Status: MEDLINE

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[PMID]: 22790783 [Au] Autor: Parker JD; Salminen JP; Agrawal AA [Ad] Endereço: Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA. parkerj@si.edu [Ti] Título: Evolutionary potential of root chemical defense: genetic correlations with shoot chemistry and plant growth. [So] Source: J Chem Ecol;38(8):992-5, 2012 Aug. [Is] ISSN: 1573-1561 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Root herbivores can affect plant fitness, and roots often contain the same secondary metabolites that act as defenses in shoots, but the ecology and evolution of root chemical defense have been little investigated. Here, we investigated genetic variance, heritability, and correlations among defensive phenolic compounds in shoot vs. root tissues of common evening primrose, Oenothera biennis. Across 20 genotypes, there were roughly similar concentrations of total phenolics in shoots vs. roots, but the allocation of particular phenolics to shoots vs. roots varied along a continuum of genotype growth rate. Slow-growing genotypes allocated 2-fold more of the potential pro-oxidant oenothein B to shoots than roots, whereas fast-growing genotypes had roughly equivalent above and belowground concentrations. Phenolic concentrations in both roots and shoots were strongly heritable, with mostly positive patterns of genetic covariation. Nonetheless, there was genotype-specific variation in the presence/absence of two major ellagitannins (oenothein A and its precursor oenothein B), indicating two different chemotypes based on alterations in this chemical pathway. Overall, the presence of strong genetic variation in root defenses suggests ample scope for the evolution of these compounds as defenses against root herbivores. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Oenothera biennis/química [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Evolução Molecular Genótipo Taninos Hidrolisáveis/metabolismo Oenothera biennis/genética Oenothera biennis/crescimento & desenvolvimento Raízes de Planta/química Brotos de Planta/química Polifenóis/metabolismo [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S. [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Hydrolyzable Tannins); 0 (Polyphenols); 104987-36-2 (oenothein B) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1301 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 121011 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0163-1

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[PMID]: 22859656 [Au] Autor: Skogen KA; Hilpman ET; Todd SL; Fant JB [Ad] Endereço: Plant Biology and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA. kskogen@chicagobotanic.org [Ti] Título: Microsatellite primers in Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae), an annual endemic to the shortgrass prairie of Colorado. [So] Source: Am J Bot;99(8):e313-6, 2012 Aug. [Is] ISSN: 1537-2197 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Microsatellite markers were developed in the annual herb, Oenothera harringtonii, to investigate patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow, and parentage within and among populations of this Colorado endemic. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten polymorphic loci were identified in O. harringtonii and tested in four populations sampled across the range of the species. These loci contained trinucleotide repeats with 7-29 alleles per locus. Nine of the 10 loci also amplified in O. caespitosa subsp. macroglottis, O. caespitosa subsp. marginata, and O. caespitosa subsp. navajoensis. In addition, we optimized three markers developed for O. biennis and provide reports of their effectiveness in all four taxa. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the utility of these markers in O. harringtonii for future studies of genetic structure, gene flow, and parentage as well as their applicability in other members of the O. caespitosa species complex. [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1208 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [St] Status: In-Process [do] DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200003

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[PMID]: 22574767 [Au] Autor: Omran OM [Ad] Endereço: Assiut University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Assiut, Egypt. ola67oh@yahoo.com [Ti] Título: Histopathological study of evening primrose oil effects on experimental diabetic neuropathy. [So] Source: Ultrastruct Pathol;36(4):222-7, 2012 Aug. [Is] ISSN: 1521-0758 [Cp] País de publicação: England [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: UNLABELLED: Diabetic polyneuropathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and the most frequent neuropathy worldwide. AIM: This study was designed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of evening primrose oil (EPO) on histopathological changes of sciatic nerves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were randomly allotted into three experimental groups: A (control), B (diabetic untreated), and C (diabetic treated with EPO); each group contained 10 animals. Groups B and C received streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes. The rats in group C were given EPO for 2 weeks after 6 weeks of STZ injection. Blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigation. RESULTS: STZ-treated diabetic rats showed reduction of the size of islets of Langerhans, fatty degeneration in the pancreatic acini with dilation, irregularity, and increased thickness of blood vessels. Electron micrography of sciatic nerves of diabetic rats showed multiple vaculations and partial separation of myelinated nerve fibers with axonal atrophy, endoneural edema, and increased collagen fibers. Compared with diabetic rats, EPO induced partial recovery from diabetes-induced pancreatic and nerve damage. CONCLUSIONS: Histologic evaluation of the tissues in diabetic animals treated with EPO showed fewer morphologic alterations with significant decrease of myelin breakdown. Furthermore, the ultrastructural features of axons showed partial improvement. It is believed that further preclinical research into the utility of EPO may indicate its usefulness as a potential treatment on peripheral neuropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/quimioterapia Neuropatias Diabéticas/patologia Oenothera biennis/química Óleos Vegetais/farmacologia Nervo Isquiático/efeitos de drogas Nervo Isquiático/patologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia Neuropatias Diabéticas/induzido quimicamente Neuropatias Diabéticas/quimioterapia Ácidos Linoleicos/uso terapêutico Masculino Microscopia Eletrônica Óleos Vegetais/uso terapêutico Ratos Nervo Isquiático/ultraestrutura Ácido gama-Linolênico/farmacologia Ácido gama-Linolênico/uso terapêutico [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Linoleic Acids); 0 (Plant Oils); 506-26-3 (gamma-Linolenic Acid); 65546-85-2 (Efamol) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1212 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 120801 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2012.662268

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[PMID]: 21585813 [Au] Autor: Larson EL; Bogdanowicz SM; Agrawal AA; Johnson MT; Harrison RG [Ad] Endereço: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Corson Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. [Ti] Título: PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in common evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). [So] Source: Mol Ecol Resour;8(2):434-6, 2008 Mar. [Is] ISSN: 1755-098X [Cp] País de publicação: England [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: We developed nine polymorphic microsatellite loci for evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). These loci have two to 18 alleles per locus and observed heterozygosities ranging from 0 to 0.879 in a sample of 34 individuals. In a pattern consistent with the functionally asexual reproductive system of this species, 17/36 pairs of loci revealed significant linkage disequilibrium and three loci showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The loci will be informative in identifying genotypes in multigenerational field studies to assess changes in genotype frequencies. [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1105 [St] Status: In-Data-Review [do] DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01983.x

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[PMID]: 23042894 [Au] Autor: Agrawal AA; Hastings AP; Johnson MT; Maron JL; Salminen JP [Ad] Endereço: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. agrawal@cornell.edu [Ti] Título: Insect herbivores drive real-time ecological and evolutionary change in plant populations. [So] Source: Science;338(6103):113-6, 2012 Oct 5. [Is] ISSN: 1095-9203 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Insect herbivores are hypothesized to be major factors affecting the ecology and evolution of plants. We tested this prediction by suppressing insects in replicated field populations of a native plant, Oenothera biennis, which reduced seed predation, altered interspecific competitive dynamics, and resulted in rapid evolutionary divergence. Comparative genotyping and phenotyping of nearly 12,000 O. biennis individuals revealed that in plots protected from insects, resistance to herbivores declined through time owing to changes in flowering time and lower defensive ellagitannins in fruits, whereas plant competitive ability increased. This independent real-time evolution of plant resistance and competitive ability in the field resulted from the relaxation of direct selective effects of insects on plant defense and through indirect effects due to reduced herbivory on plant competitors. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Evolução Biológica Ecologia Herbivoria/fisiologia Mariposas/fisiologia Oenothera biennis/fisiologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Frutas/genética Frutas/parasitologia Frutas/fisiologia Oenothera biennis/genética Oenothera biennis/parasitologia População Sementes/genética Sementes/parasitologia Sementes/fisiologia Seleção Genética [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T; RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOV'T, NON-P.H.S. [Em] Mês de entrada: 1210 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 121008 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1126/science.1225977

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