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[PMID]: 28459996 [Au] Autor: Qiu L; Zhang B; Liu L; Wang X; Lei C; Lin Y; Zhao J; Ma W [Ad] Endereço: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Centre of Plant Gene Research, Wuhan, China. [Ti] Título: The Role of p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK in Antibacterial Responses of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). [So] Source: J Econ Entomol;110(4):1460-1464, 2017 08 01. [Is] ISSN: 1938-291X [Cp] País de publicação: England [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are conserved signal transduction pathways and broadly responsible for bacterial infection from yeast to mammals, and virus, fungi, and bacteria, specifically Bacillus thuringiensis, to insects. But little is known about the MAPK pathways in antibacterial responses in Chilo suppressalis (Walker), an important lepidopteran pest of rice. In this study, we used the bacteria of Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli, and Staphyloccocus aureus to infect C. suppressalis larvae, and the responses of MAPK pathways were analyzed. The results showed that E. coli infection induced the up-regulated expression of Csp38 and CsERK1 at 24 h postinfection (pi). Meanwhile, injection of B. thuringiensis and S. aureus resulted in strong activation of CsJNK phosphorylation at 3 h pi. These results suggest that MAPK signaling pathways play important functional roles in antibacterial responses in C. suppressalis larvae. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Bacillus thuringiensis/fisiologia Escherichia coli/fisiologia Imunidade Inata Proteínas de Insetos/genética Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética Mariposas/imunologia Staphylococcus aureus/fisiologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/genética MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética Proteínas Quinases JNK Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo Larva/genética Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento Larva/imunologia Larva/microbiologia Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo Mariposas/genética Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento Mariposas/microbiologia Transdução de Sinais Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Insect Proteins); EC 2.7.11.24 (Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases); EC 2.7.11.24 (JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases); EC 2.7.11.24 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases); EC 2.7.11.24 (p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1709 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 180302 [Lr] Data última revisão: 180302 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170502 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox126

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[PMID]: 28747473 [Au] Autor: Tate AT; Graham AL [Ad] Endereço: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA a.tate@vanderbilt.edu. [Ti] Título: Dissecting the contributions of time and microbe density to variation in immune gene expression. [So] Source: Proc Biol Sci;284(1859), 2017 Jul 26. [Is] ISSN: 1471-2954 [Cp] País de publicação: England [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Widespread differential expression of immunological genes is a hallmark of the response to infection in almost all surveyed taxa. However, several challenges remain in the attempt to connect differences in gene expression with functional outcomes like parasite killing and host survival. For example, temporal gene expression patterns are not always monotonic (unidirectional slope), yielding results that qualitatively depend on the time point selected for analysis. They may also be correlated to microbe density, confounding the strength of an immune response and resistance to parasites. In this study, we analyse these relationships in an mRNA-seq time series of infected with Our results suggest that many extracellular immunological components with known roles in immunity, like antimicrobial peptides and recognition proteins, are highly correlated to microbe load. On the other hand, intracellular components of immunological signalling pathways overwhelmingly show non-monotonic temporal patterns of gene expression, despite the underlying assumption of monotonicity in most ecological and comparative transcriptomics studies that rely on cross-sectional analyses. Our results raise a host of new questions, including to what extent variation in host resistance, infection tolerance and immunopathology can be explained by variation in the slope or sensitivity of these newly characterized patterns. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Carga Bacteriana Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia Tribolium/imunologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Bacillus thuringiensis/patogenicidade Estudos Transversais Transdução de Sinais Fatores de Tempo Tribolium/microbiologia [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1802 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 180202 [Lr] Data última revisão: 180202 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170728 [St] Status: MEDLINE

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[PMID]: 29235321 [Au] Autor: Nidialkova NA; Varbanets LD; Chernyshenko VO [Ti] Título: Isolation and purification of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis IÐœV Ð’-7465 peptidase with specificity toward elastin and collagen. [So] Source: Ukr Biochem J;88(3):18-28, 2016 May-Jun. [Is] ISSN: 2409-4943 [Cp] País de publicação: Ukraine [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Peptidase of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis IÐœV Ð’-7465 was isolated from culture supernatant using consecutive fractionations by an ammonium sulphate (60% saturation), ion-exchange chromatography and gel-filtration on the TSK-gels Toyoperl HW-55 and DEAE 650(M). Specific elastase (442 U∙mg of protein-1) and collagenase (212.7 U∙mg of protein-1) activities of the purified enzyme preparation were 8.0- and 6.1-fold, respectively higher than ones of the culture supernatant. Peptidase yields were 33.5% for elastase activity and 30.1% for collagenase activity. It was established that the enzyme is serine metal-dependent alkaline peptidase with Mr about 37 kDa. Maximal hydrolysis of elastin and collagen occurs at the optimum pH 8.0 and t° ­ 40 and 50 °Ð¡, respectively. The purified preparation has high stability at pH in the range of 7.0 to 10.0 and 40-50 °Ð¡. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Bacillus thuringiensis/química Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação Colágeno/química Elastina/química Peptídeo Hidrolases/isolamento & purificação [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Sulfato de Amônio/química Bacillus thuringiensis/enzimologia Proteínas de Bactérias/química Cromatografia em Gel Cromatografia por Troca Iônica Ensaios Enzimáticos Estabilidade Enzimática Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio Hidrólise Peso Molecular Peptídeo Hidrolases/química Especificidade por Substrato [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Bacterial Proteins); 9007-34-5 (Collagen); 9007-58-3 (Elastin); EC 3.4.- (Peptide Hydrolases); SU46BAM238 (Ammonium Sulfate) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1801 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 180116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 180116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 171214 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.15407/ubj88.03.018

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[PMID]: 29020006 [Au] Autor: Tabashnik BE; Carrière Y [Ad] Endereço: Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. [Ti] Título: Surge in insect resistance to transgenic crops and prospects for sustainability. [So] Source: Nat Biotechnol;35(10):926-935, 2017 Oct 11. [Is] ISSN: 1546-1696 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Transgenic crops have revolutionized insect pest control, but their effectiveness has been reduced by evolution of resistance in pests. We analyzed global monitoring data reported during the first two decades of transgenic crops, with each case representing the responses of one pest species in one country to one insecticidal protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The cases of pest resistance to Bt crystalline (Cry) proteins produced by transgenic crops increased from 3 in 2005 to 16 in 2016. By contrast, in 17 other cases there was no decrease in pest susceptibility to Bt crops, including the recently introduced transgenic corn that produces a Bt vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip). Recessive inheritance of pest resistance has favored sustained susceptibility, but even when inheritance is not recessive, abundant refuges of non-Bt host plants have substantially delayed resistance. These insights may inform resistance management strategies to increase the durability of current and future transgenic crops. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Conservação dos Recursos Naturais Insetos/fisiologia Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/parasitologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Bacillus thuringiensis/fisiologia Geografia Controle Biológico de Vetores [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 171012 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3974

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[PMID]: 28931155 [Au] Autor: Zukoff SN; Zukoff AL [Ad] Endereço: Kansas State University, 4500 East Mary St, Garden City, KS 67846. [Ti] Título: Host Recognition Responses of Western (Family: Chrysomelidae) Corn Rootworm Larvae to RNA Interference and Bt Corn. [So] Source: J Insect Sci;17(2), 2017 Jan 01. [Is] ISSN: 1536-2442 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte is an important pest of corn whose larvae exhibit particular quantifiable patterns of locomotion after exposure to, and removal from, host roots and nonhost roots. Using EthoVision software, the behavior and locomotion of the western corn rootworm larvae was analyzed to determine the level of host recognition to germinated roots of differing corn hybrids containing either rootworm targeted Bt genes, RNA interference (RNAi) technology, the stack of both Bt and RNAi, or the isoline of these. The behavior of the rootworm larvae indicated a significant host preference response to all corn hybrids (with or without insecticidal traits) compared to the filter paper and oat roots. A weaker host response to the RNAi corn roots was observed in the susceptible larvae when compared to the resistant larvae, but not for the Bt + RNAi vector stack. Additionally, the resistant larvae demonstrated a weaker host response to the isoline corn roots when compared to the susceptible larvae. Although weaker, these host responses were significantly different from those observed in the negative controls, indicating that all hybrids tested do contain the contact cues necessary to elicit a host preference response by both Cry3Bb1-resistant and Cry3Bb1-susceptible larvae that would work to hinder resistance development in refuge in a bag fields. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Coleópteros/fisiologia Resistência a Inseticidas Interferência de RNA Zea mays [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Bacillus thuringiensis/química Coleópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento Endotoxinas/metabolismo Inseticidas/metabolismo Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento Larva/fisiologia Controle Biológico de Vetores Zea mays/química Zea mays/microbiologia [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Cry3Bbl endotoxin, Bacillus thuringiensis); 0 (Endotoxins); 0 (Insecticides) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170921 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex022

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[PMID]: 28931154 [Au] Autor: Xu M; Xu F; Wu X [Ad] Endereço: Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China. [Ti] Título: Differentially Expressed Proteins From the Peritrophic Membrane Related to the Lethal, Synergistic Mechanisms Observed in Hyphantria cunea Larvae Treated With a Mixture of Bt and Chlorbenzuron. [So] Source: J Insect Sci;17(2), 2017 Jan 01. [Is] ISSN: 1536-2442 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) is an important forest insect pest around the world. It attacks a variety of broad-leaf trees. It has caused serious economic and ecological damage to its new habitats. A mixture of Bt and chlorbenzuron has a higher toxicity and faster killed than those of either agent alone to the 4th instar larvae of H. cunea both by the lab and field test results, and the toxic effect of the mixture treatment was significantly enhanced. Using proteomics technology, including SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-TOF MS, we analyzed differentially expressed proteins of the peritrophic membrane (PM) of the 4th instar larvae of H. cunea, which were treated with the mixture. We identified 91 significantly differentially expressed proteins of the PM of the 4th instar larvae of H. cunea and those proteins were found to be involved in different metabolic pathways and processes. The energy-related and structural proteins made up the largest proportion of all of the identified proteins, and the mixture treatment of proteins was the small proportion of the identified structural proteins and energy-related proteins among the Bt, chlorbenzuron, and mixture treatments. Based on the proteomic data, we found that some proteins and their corresponding functions and pathways were related to the lethal mechanisms observed in 4th instar larvae of H. cunea when treated by the mixture. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Bacillus thuringiensis/química Imidas Controle de Insetos Inseticidas Mariposas Controle Biológico de Vetores Compostos de Fenilureia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Expressão Gênica Proteínas de Insetos/genética Proteínas de Insetos/metabolismo Larva/genética Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento Larva/metabolismo Mariposas/genética Mariposas/crescimento & desenvolvimento Mariposas/metabolismo [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Imides); 0 (Insect Proteins); 0 (Insecticides); 0 (Phenylurea Compounds); 0 (chlorbenzuron) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171025 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171025 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170921 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew126

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[PMID]: 28821431 [Au] Autor: Tharad S; Moreno-Cencerrado A; Üzülmez Ö; Promdonkoy B; Toca-Herrera JL [Ad] Endereço: Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 11, Vienna, 1190, Austria. Electronic address: sudarat.tharad@boku.ac.at. [Ti] Título: Bacillus thuringiensis Cyt2Aa2 binding on lipid/cholesterol bilayer depends on protein concentration and time. [So] Source: Biochem Biophys Res Commun;492(2):212-217, 2017 Oct 14. [Is] ISSN: 1090-2104 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Bacillus thuringiensis produces cytolytic proteins (Cyt) that show toxicity against dipteran insect larvae acting directly on the cell membrane. Up to now, two different models have been proposed to explain the interaction mechanism of the cytolytic protein Cyt2Aa2 on lipid membranes: pore-forming and detergent-like action. Here we report on the interaction of Cyt2Aa2 with lipid/cholesterol bilayers at early stage (far from equilibrium) as a function of protein concentration. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements showed that the rate of protein adsorption increased with concentration, although the mass of the final protein-lipid was similar after two hours. In addition, the dissipation (compliance of the hybrid lipid/protein layer) increased with decreasing protein concentration. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the structure of the protein-lipid layer was concentration and time dependent. A rigid hybrid homogeneous layer was observed at protein concentrations of 50 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml after 30 min. At lower concentrations, 10 µg/ml and 17.5 µg/ml, protein adsorption on the lipid layer led to the formation of small aggregates. Interestingly, at 25 µg/ml a transition of a hole-like structure into a homogeneous layer was observed. This suggests that 25 µg/ml is a threshold concentration for the binding mechanism of Cyt2Aa2 on to lipid membranes. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Bacillus thuringiensis/metabolismo Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo Colesterol/metabolismo Endotoxinas/metabolismo Proteínas Hemolisinas/metabolismo Bicamadas Lipídicas/metabolismo [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Proteínas de Bactérias/análise Endotoxinas/análise Proteínas Hemolisinas/análise Microscopia de Força Atômica Agregados Proteicos Ligação Proteica Técnicas de Microbalança de Cristal de Quartzo [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Bacterial Proteins); 0 (Endotoxins); 0 (Hemolysin Proteins); 0 (Lipid Bilayers); 0 (Protein Aggregates); 0 (insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis); 97C5T2UQ7J (Cholesterol) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1709 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 170925 [Lr] Data última revisão: 170925 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170820 [St] Status: MEDLINE

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[PMID]: 28818776 [Au] Autor: Malaikozhundan B; Vaseeharan B; Vijayakumar S; Thangaraj MP [Ad] Endereço: Nanobiosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Science Campus 6th Floor, Karaikudi 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: kozhundan.malai@gmail.com. [Ti] Título: Bacillus thuringiensis coated zinc oxide nanoparticle and its biopesticidal effects on the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. [So] Source: J Photochem Photobiol B;174:306-314, 2017 Sep. [Is] ISSN: 1873-2682 [Cp] País de publicação: Switzerland [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Insect pests belonging to the genus Callosobruchus are the major cause of damage to stored pulse crops. Recently, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool for pest control. In the present study, we report for the first time the synthesis and biological evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis coated zinc oxide nanoparticles (Bt-ZnO NPs) on the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. The biologically synthesized Bt-ZnO NPs were extensively characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Zeta potential. The bio-physical characterization revealed that the Bt-ZnO NPs has a hexagonal wurtzite structures with an average particle size of 20nm. In addition, zeta potential measurement demonstrated that the Bt-ZnO NPs are negatively charged (-12.7mV) and are moderately stable. The biopesticidal effect of Bt-ZnO NPs was tested against the pulse beetle, C. maculatus. Treatment with Bt-ZnO NPs reduced the fecundity (eggs laid) and hatchability of C. maculatus in a dose-dependent manner. A significant delay in the larval, pupal and total development period of C. maculatus was observed after treatment with Bt-ZnO NPs at 25µg/mL. Furthermore, Bt-ZnO NPs are highly effective in the control of C. maculatus and caused 100% mortality at 25µg/mL. The LC value was estimated to be 10.71µg/mL. In addition, treatment with Bt-ZnO NPs decreased the mid-gut α-amylase, cysteine protease, α-glucosidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in C. maculatus. Our results suggest that Bt-ZnO NPs are effective against C. maculatus and could be used as nanobiopesticides in the control of stored grain insect pests in the future. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Bacillus thuringiensis/metabolismo Coleópteros/efeitos dos fármacos Nanopartículas Praguicidas/química Praguicidas/farmacologia Óxido de Zinco/química Óxido de Zinco/farmacologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Coleópteros/enzimologia Coleópteros/crescimento & desenvolvimento Tamanho da Partícula Praguicidas/metabolismo Óxido de Zinco/metabolismo [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Pesticides); SOI2LOH54Z (Zinc Oxide) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170819 [St] Status: MEDLINE

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[PMID]: 28755496 [Au] Autor: Hilbeck A; Bundschuh R; Bundschuh M; Hofmann F; Oehen B; Otto M; Schulz R; Trtikova M [Ad] Endereço: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zurich, Switzerland. [Ti] Título: Procedure to select test organisms for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops in aquatic systems. [So] Source: Integr Environ Assess Manag;13(6):974-979, 2017 Nov. [Is] ISSN: 1551-3793 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: For a long time, the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops focused mainly on terrestrial ecosystems. This changed when it was scientifically established that aquatic ecosystems are exposed to GM crop residues that may negatively affect aquatic species. To assist the risk assessment process, we present a tool to identify ecologically relevant species usable in tiered testing prior to authorization or for biological monitoring in the field. The tool is derived from a selection procedure for terrestrial ecosystems with substantial but necessary changes to adequately consider the differences in the type of ecosystems. By using available information from the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), the procedure can draw upon existing biological data on aquatic systems. The proposed procedure for aquatic ecosystems was tested for the first time during an expert workshop in 2013, using the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize as the GM crop and 1 stream type as the receiving environment in the model system. During this workshop, species executing important ecological functions in aquatic environments were identified in a stepwise procedure according to predefined ecological criteria. By doing so, we demonstrated that the procedure is practicable with regard to its goal: From the initial long list of 141 potentially exposed aquatic species, 7 species and 1 genus were identified as the most suitable candidates for nontarget testing programs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:974-979. © 2017 SETAC. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Produtos Agrícolas/genética Produtos Agrícolas/toxicidade Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/toxicidade [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Bacillus thuringiensis Ecossistema Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos Medição de Risco/métodos Zea mays [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1711 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171103 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171103 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170730 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1965

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[PMID]: 28750049 [Au] Autor: Felten A; Guillier L; Radomski N; Mistou MY; Lailler R; Cadel-Six S [Ad] Endereço: Université PARIS-EST, ANSES, Laboratory for Food Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France. [Ti] Título: Genome Target Evaluator (GTEvaluator): A workflow exploiting genome dataset to measure the sensitivity and specificity of genetic markers. [So] Source: PLoS One;12(7):e0182082, 2017. [Is] ISSN: 1932-6203 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Most of the bacterial typing methods used to discriminate isolates in medical or food safety microbiology are based on genetic markers used as targets in PCR or hybridization experiments. These DNA typing methods are important tools for studying prevalence and epidemiology, for conducting surveillance, investigations and control of biological hazard sources. In that perspective, it is crucial to insure that the chosen genetic markers have the greatest specificity and sensitivity. The wealth of whole-genome sequences available for many bacterial species offers the opportunity to evaluate the performance of these genetic markers. In the present study, we have developed GTEvaluator, a bioinformatics workflow which ranks genetic markers depending on their sensitivity and specificity towards groups of well-defined genomes. GTEvaluator identifies the most performant genetic markers to target individuals among a population. The individuals (i.e. a group of genomes within a collection) are defined by any kind of particular phenotypic or biological properties inside a related population (i.e. collection of genomes). The performance of the genetic markers is computed by a distance value which takes into account both sensitivity and specificity. In this study we report two examples of GTEvaluator application. In the first example Bacillus phenotypic markers were evaluated for their capacity to distinguish B. cereus from B. thuringiensis. In the second experiment, GTEvaluator measured the performance of genetic markers dedicated to the molecular serotyping of Salmonella enterica. In one in silico experiment it was possible to test 64 markers onto 134 genomes corresponding to 14 different serotypes. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Bacillus cereus/genética Bacillus thuringiensis/genética Bases de Dados Genéticas Genoma Bacteriano Genômica/métodos [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Simulação por Computador Marcadores Genéticos Plasmídeos/metabolismo Salmonella enterica/genética Sorogrupo Incerteza [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Nm] Nome de substância: 0 (Genetic Markers) [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171004 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171004 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170728 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182082

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