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[PMID]: 29446559 [Au] Autor: Wynn T; Gowlett J [Ad] Endereço: Department of Anthropology, Center for Cognitive Archaeology, University of Colorado. [Ti] Título: The handaxe reconsidered. [So] Source: Evol Anthropol;27(1):21-29, 2018 Jan. [Is] ISSN: 1520-6505 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: The Acheulean handaxe is one of the longest-known and longest-surviving artifacts of the Palaeolithic and, despite its experimentally tested functionality, is often regarded as puzzling. It is unnecessary to invoke a unique-for-mammals genetic mechanism to explain the handaxe phenomenon. Instead, we propose that two nongenetic processes are sufficient. The first is a set of ergonomic design principles linked to the production of sturdy, hand-held cutting tools in the context of a knapped-stone technology that lacked hafting. The second is an esthetic preference for regular forms with gradual curves and pleasing proportions. Neither process is a cultural meme but, operating together in a cultural context, they can account for all of the supposedly puzzling time-space patterns presented by handaxes. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Ergonomia/história Estética/história Hominidae/fisiologia Tecnologia/história Comportamento de Utilização de Ferramentas/fisiologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Animais Arqueologia História Antiga [Pt] Tipo de publicação: HISTORICAL ARTICLE; JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1803 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 180302 [Lr] Data última revisão: 180302 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 180216 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1002/evan.21552

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[PMID]: 29336416 [Au] Autor: Banerjee S; Bandyopadhyay L; Dasgupta A; Paul B; Chattopadhyay O [Ad] Endereço: Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. [Ti] Título: Work Related Musculoskeletal Morbidity among Tailors: A Cross Sectional Study in a Slum of Kolkata. [So] Source: Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ);14(56):305-310, 2016 Oct.-Dec.. [Is] ISSN: 1812-2078 [Cp] País de publicação: Nepal [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Background Musculoskeletal disorders comprise the single largest group of work-related illnesses in developing countries. Sedentary working style with wrong posture for long time is considered to be an important risk factor, which is largely modifiable. Objective This study was performed to determine the prevalence and find out the factors associated with Musculoskeletal disorders among the workers involved in tailoring occupation. Method A descriptive community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban slums of Chetla, Kolkata on March and April, 2015. One hundred and ten (110) out of 383 resident tailors in the area were chosen by simple random sampling and interviewed by approaching them in their work place. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used Result Using Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire, Musculoskeletal disorders was found among 65.45% of tailors. The most commonly affected site was neck (41.8%) followed by lower and upper back. In bivariate analysis, musculo-skeletal disorders was found to be significantly associated with age more than 45 years [OR (95% CI)= 3.35 (1.30- 8.60)], working for > 10 years [OR (95% CI)= 7.01 (2.93-16.79)*], working > 8 hours per day [OR (95% CI)= 2.75 (1.20-6.20)], full time job [OR (95% CI)= 2.41 (1.08-5.39)] and unfavourable workstation ergonomic [OR (95% CI)= 2.40 (1.10-5.40)], whereas in multivariate analysis age, sex, duration in the profession [AOR (95%CI= 4.40 (1.40- 14.30)], working hours per day [AOR (95%CI= 7.20 (1.80-27.80)], and unfavourable workstation ergonomic [AOR (95%CI)= 3.50 (1.26-9.80)] remained significant. Conclusion A multidimensional approach including appropriate technique in terms of operators' posture and ergonomically sound workstation are required to avoid the debilitating effect of Musculoskeletal disorders among the workers. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/epidemiologia Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia Postura Áreas de Pobreza [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Adulto Fatores Etários Cidades Estudos Transversais Ergonomia Feminino Seres Humanos Índia/epidemiologia Modelos Logísticos Masculino Meia-Idade Prevalência Fatores de Risco Fatores Sexuais [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1801 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 180129 [Lr] Data última revisão: 180129 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 180117 [St] Status: MEDLINE

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[PMID]: 25816381 [Au] Autor: Pati D; Harvey TE; Redden P; Summers B; Pati S [Ad] Endereço: Department of Design, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA d.pati@ttu.edu. [Ti] Título: An empirical examination of the impacts of decentralized nursing unit design. [So] Source: HERD;8(2):56-70, 2015. [Is] ISSN: 1937-5867 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of decentralization on operational efficiency, staff well-being, and teamwork on three inpatient units. BACKGROUND: Decentralized unit operations and the corresponding physical design solution were hypothesized to positively affect several concerns-productive use of nursing time, staff stress, walking distances, and teamwork, among others. With a wide adoption of the concept, empirical evidence on the impact of decentralization was warranted. METHODS: A multimethod, before-and-after, quasi-experimental design was adopted for the study, focusing on five issues, namely, (1) how nurses spend their time, (2) walking distance, (3) acute stress, (4) productivity, and (5) teamwork. Data on all five issues were collected on three older units with centralized operational model (before move). The same set of data, with identical tools and measures, were collected on the same units after move in to new physical units with decentralized operational model. Data were collected during spring and fall of 2011. RESULTS: Documentation, nurse station use, medication room use, and supplies room use showed consistent change across the three units. Walking distance increased (statistically significant) on two of the three units. Self-reported level of collaboration decreased, although assessment of the physical facility for collaboration increased. CONCLUSIONS: Decentralized nursing and physical design models potentially result in quality of work improvements associated with documentation, medication, and supplies. However, there are unexpected consequences associated with walking, and staff collaboration and teamwork. The solution to the unexpected consequences may lie in operational interventions and greater emphasis on culture change. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Ergonomia Unidades Hospitalares/organização & administração Decoração de Interiores e Mobiliário Satisfação no Emprego Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem no Hospital/organização & administração Postos de Enfermagem/organização & administração Saúde do Trabalhador Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/organização & administração [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Eficiência Organizacional Feminino Seres Humanos Relações Interprofissionais Masculino Recursos Humanos de Enfermagem no Hospital/psicologia Fatores de Tempo Caminhada/estatística & dados numéricos [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1801 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 180126 [Lr] Data última revisão: 180126 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 150328 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1177/1937586715568986

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[PMID]: 28966184 [Au] Autor: Partido BB [Ad] Endereço: Prof. Partido is Assistant Professor, Division of Dental Hygiene, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University. partido.1@osu.edu. [Ti] Título: Dental Hygiene Students' Self-Assessment of Ergonomics Utilizing Photography. [So] Source: J Dent Educ;81(10):1194-1202, 2017 Oct. [Is] ISSN: 1930-7837 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Due to postural demands, dental professionals are at high risk for developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Dental clinicians' lack of ergonomic awareness may impede the clinical application of recommendations to improve their posture. The aim of this study was to determine whether feedback involving photography and self-assessment would improve dental hygiene students' ergonomic scores and accuracy of their ergonomic self-assessments. The study involved a randomized control design and used a convenience sample of all 32 junior-year dental hygiene students enrolled in the autumn 2016 term in The Ohio State University baccalaureate dental hygiene program. Sixteen students were randomly assigned to each of two groups (control and training). At weeks one and four, all participants were photographed and completed ergonomic self-evaluations using the Modified-Dental Operator Posture Assessment Instrument (M-DOPAI). During weeks two and three, participants in the training group were photographed again and used those photographs to complete ergonomic self-assessments. All participants' pre-training and post-training photographs were given ergonomic scores by three raters. Students' self-assessments in the control group and faculty evaluations of the training group showed significant improvement in scores over time (F(1,60)=4.25, p<0.05). In addition, the accuracy of self-assessment significantly improved for students in the training group (F(1,30)=8.29, p<0.01). In this study, dental hygiene students' self-assessments using photographs resulted in improvements in their ergonomic scores and increased accuracy of their ergonomic self-assessments. Any improvement in ergonomic score or awareness can help reduce the risks for WMSDs, especially among dental clinicians. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Higienistas Dentários/educação Profilaxia Dentária Ergonomia/métodos Saúde do Trabalhador/educação Fotografia Autoavaliação [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Feedback Formativo Seres Humanos Estudantes [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: D; IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 171003 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.21815/JDE.017.077

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[PMID]: 28966183 [Au] Autor: Partido BB [Ad] Endereço: Prof. Partido is Assistant Professor, Division of Dental Hygiene, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University. partido.1@osu.edu. [Ti] Título: Ergonomics Calibration Training Utilizing Photography for Dental Hygiene Faculty Members. [So] Source: J Dent Educ;81(10):1187-1193, 2017 Oct. [Is] ISSN: 1930-7837 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Dental and dental hygiene clinical faculty members often do not provide consistent instruction, especially since most procedures involve clinical judgment. Although instructional variations frequently translate into variations in student performance, the effect of inconsistent instruction is unknown, especially related to ergonomics. The aim of this study was to determine whether photography-assisted calibration training would improve interrater reliability among dental hygiene faculty members in ergonomics evaluation. The photography-assisted ergonomics calibration program incorporated features to improve accessibility and optimize the quality of the training. The study used a two-group repeated measures design with a convenience sample of 11 dental hygiene faculty members (eight full-time and three part-time) during the autumn 2016 term at one U.S. dental school. At weeks one and seven, all participants evaluated imaged postures of five dental students using a modified-dental operator posture assessment instrument. During weeks three and five, training group participants completed calibration training using independent and group review of imaged postures. All pre-training and post-training evaluations were evaluated for interrater reliability. Two-way random effects intraclass coefficient (ICC) values were calculated to measure the effects of the training on interrater reliability. The average measure of ICC of the training group improved from 0.694 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.001 to 0.965 (F(4,8)=3.465, p>0.05) to 0.766 with a 95% CI of 0.098 to 0.972 (F(4,8)=7.913, p<0.01). The average measure of ICC of the control group improved from 0.821 with a 95% CI of 0.480 to 0.978 (F(4,28)=7.702, p<0.01) to 0.846 with a 95% CI of 0.542 to 0.981 (F(4,28)=8.561, p<0.01). These results showed that the photography-assisted calibration training with the opportunity to reconcile different opinions resulted in improved agreement among these faculty members. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Higienistas Dentários/educação Profilaxia Dentária Ergonomia/métodos Docentes de Odontologia Saúde do Trabalhador/educação Fotografia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Calibragem Variações Dependentes do Observador Reprodutibilidade dos Testes Autorrelato [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: D; IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 171003 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.21815/JDE.017.078

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[PMID]: 28910316 [Au] Autor: Lee SR; Shim S; Yu T; Jeong K; Chung HW [Ad] Endereço: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea. [Ti] Título: Sources of pain in laparoendoscopic gynecological surgeons: An analysis of ergonomic factors and proposal of an aid to improve comfort. [So] Source: PLoS One;12(9):e0184400, 2017. [Is] ISSN: 1932-6203 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) offers cosmetic benefits to patients; however, surgeons often experience pain during MIS. We administered an ergonomic questionnaire to 176 Korean laparoscopic gynecological surgeons to determine potential sources of pain during surgery. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors that had a significant impact on gynecological surgeons' pain. Operating table height at the beginning of surgery and during the operation were significantly associated with neck and shoulder discomfort (P <0.001). The ability to control the operating table height was the single factor most significantly associated with neck (P <0.001) and shoulder discomfort (P <0.001). Discomfort of the hand/digits was significantly associated with the trocar site (P = 0.035). The type of electrocautery activation switch and foot pedal were significantly related to surgeons' foot and leg discomfort (P <0.001). In evaluating the co-occurrence of pain in 4 different sites (neck, shoulder, back, hand/digits), the neck and shoulder were determined to have the highest co-occurrence of pain (Spearman's ρ = 0.64, P <0.001). These results provide guidance for identifying ergonomic solutions to reduce gynecological laparoscopic surgeons' pain. Based on our results, we propose the use of an ergonomic surgical step stool to reduce physical pain related to performing laparoscopic operations. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Ergonomia/instrumentação Laparoscopia/efeitos adversos Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/instrumentação Dor/etiologia [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Adulto Desenho de Equipamento Feminino Ginecologia Seres Humanos Laparoscopia/instrumentação Modelos Logísticos Masculino Meia-Idade Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos/efeitos adversos Fatores de Risco Cirurgiões Inquéritos e Questionários [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170915 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184400

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[PMID]: 28832612 [Au] Autor: Zetterberg C; Forsman M; Richter HO [Ad] Endereço: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden. [Ti] Título: Neck/shoulder discomfort due to visually demanding experimental near work is influenced by previous neck pain, task duration, astigmatism, internal eye discomfort and accommodation. [So] Source: PLoS One;12(8):e0182439, 2017. [Is] ISSN: 1932-6203 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: Visually demanding near work can cause eye discomfort, and eye and neck/shoulder discomfort during, e.g., computer work are associated. To investigate direct effects of experimental near work on eye and neck/shoulder discomfort, 33 individuals with chronic neck pain and 33 healthy control subjects performed a visual task four times using four different trial lenses (referred to as four different viewing conditions), and they rated eye and neck/shoulder discomfort at baseline and after each task. Since symptoms of eye discomfort may differ depending on the underlying cause, two categories were used; internal eye discomfort, such as ache and strain, that may be caused by accommodative or vergence stress; and external eye discomfort, such as burning and smarting, that may be caused by dry-eye disorders. The cumulative performance time (reflected in the temporal order of the tasks), astigmatism, accommodation response and concurrent symptoms of internal eye discomfort all aggravated neck/shoulder discomfort, but there was no significant effect of external eye discomfort. There was also an interaction effect between the temporal order and internal eye discomfort: participants with a greater mean increase in internal eye discomfort also developed more neck/shoulder discomfort with time. Since moderate musculoskeletal symptoms are a risk factor for more severe symptoms, it is important to ensure a good visual environment in occupations involving visually demanding near work. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Acomodação Ocular Astigmatismo/fisiopatologia Ergonomia Olho/fisiopatologia Cervicalgia/fisiopatologia Doenças Profissionais/etiologia Dor de Ombro/fisiopatologia Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Adulto Idoso Feminino Seres Humanos Masculino [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170824 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182439

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[PMID]: 28806225 [Au] Autor: Mariyaselvam MZA; Catchpole KR; Menon DK; Gupta AK; Young PJ [Ad] Endereço: From the Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (M.Z.A.M., D.K.M.); Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (K.R.C.); Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.K.G.); and Critical Care Department, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kings Lynn, United Kingdom (P.J.Y.). [Ti] Título: Preventing Retained Central Venous Catheter Guidewires: A Randomized Controlled Simulation Study Using a Human Factors Approach. [So] Source: Anesthesiology;127(4):658-665, 2017 Oct. [Is] ISSN: 1528-1175 [Cp] País de publicação: United States [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: BACKGROUND: Retained central venous catheter guidewires are never events. Currently, preventative techniques rely on clinicians remembering to remove the guidewire. However, solutions solely relying upon humans to prevent error inevitably fail. A novel locked procedure pack was designed to contain the equipment required for completing the procedure after the guidewire should have been removed: suture, suture holder, and antimicrobial dressings. The guidewire is used as a key to unlock the pack and to access the contents; thereby, the clinician must remove the guidewire from the patient to complete the procedure. METHODS: A randomized controlled forced-error simulation study replicated catheter insertion. We created a retained guidewire event and then determined whether clinicians would discover it, comparing standard practice against the locked pack. RESULTS: Guidewires were retrieved from 2/10 (20%) standard versus 10/10 (100%) locked pack, n = 20, P < 0.001. In the locked pack group, participants attempted to complete the procedure; however, when unable to access the contents, this prompted a search for the key (guidewire). Participants discovered the guidewire within the catheter lumen, recovered it, utilized it to unlock the pack, and finish the procedure. A structured questionnaire reported that the locked pack also improved subjective safety of central venous catheter insertion and allowed easy disposal of the sharps and guidewire (10/10). CONCLUSIONS: The locked pack is an engineered solution designed to prevent retained guidewires. Utilizing forced-error simulation testing, we have determined that the locked pack is an effective preventative device and is acceptable to clinicians for improving patient safety. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Cateterismo Venoso Central/instrumentação Cateteres Venosos Centrais Ergonomia Segurança do Paciente [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Adulto Desenho de Equipamento Feminino Seres Humanos Masculino Manequins Meia-Idade Adulto Jovem [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL [Em] Mês de entrada: 1710 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: AIM; IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170815 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001797

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[PMID]: 28689174 [Au] Autor: Cavalini MA; Berduszek RJ; van der Sluis CK [Ad] Endereço: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. [Ti] Título: Construct validity and test-retest reliability of the revised Upper Extremity Work Demands (UEWD-R) Scale. [So] Source: Occup Environ Med;74(10):763-768, 2017 Oct. [Is] ISSN: 1470-7926 [Cp] País de publicação: England [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: BACKGROUND: The revised Upper Extremity Work Demand (UEWD-R) Scale is a six-item self-report questionnaire to measure the workload of the upper limbs. UEWD-R consists of a force/posture scale and a repetition scale. Psychometric properties are unknown so far. PURPOSE: Assess the construct validity and the test-retest reliability of UEWD-R. METHOD: Participants from different levels of physical work demands (based on the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) categories) were included. Construct validity was determined by testing 11 predefined hypotheses regarding UEWD-R related to other constructs, including a workplace observation using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Correlations between these measures were calculated using Spearman correlation coefficients. Test-retest reliability was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for agreement. The smallest detectable change (SDC) was calculated. RESULTS: Fifty-four participants participated (63% men, mean age 39.4 years). The four DOT categories were equally represented. Nine out of 11 predefined correlations were confirmed (82%), indicating good construct validity. Strong expected correlations of UEWD-R-total versus RULA-C (r=0.69) and UEWD-R-repetition versus RULA-muscle (r=0.12) were not confirmed. The test-retest reliability was good (ICC agreement=0.79). The SDC was 4.85. CONCLUSION: Construct validity and the test-retest reliability of UEWD-R were good. UEWD-R can be used to evaluate the workload of the upper extremities. However, further research is advised to assess the validity of the UEWD-R not only by testing associations with RULA,but also with other observational measures. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Doenças Musculoesqueléticas Exposição Ocupacional Inquéritos e Questionários Extremidade Superior [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Adulto Fenômenos Biomecânicos Estudos Transversais Avaliação da Deficiência Ergonomia Feminino Seres Humanos Masculino Meia-Idade Movimento Músculo Esquelético Doenças Musculoesqueléticas/etiologia Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos Ocupações Postura Reprodutibilidade dos Testes Estresse Mecânico Avaliação da Capacidade de Trabalho [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE; VALIDATION STUDIES [Em] Mês de entrada: 1709 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170710 [St] Status: MEDLINE [do] DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104370

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[PMID]: 28576213 [Au] Autor: Shaw C; Bourkiza R; Wickham L; Mccarthy I; Mckechnie C [Ad] Endereço: University College London, London, England. Electronic address: conrad.shaw.10@ucl.ac.uk. [Ti] Título: Mechanical exposure of ophthalmic surgeons: a quantitative ergonomic evaluation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. [So] Source: Can J Ophthalmol;52(3):302-307, 2017 Jun. [Is] ISSN: 1715-3360 [Cp] País de publicação: England [La] Idioma: eng [Ab] Resumo: OBJECTIVE: Vitreoretinal (VR) surgeons have high rates of spinal pain. The aim of this study was to investigate if VR surgeons adopt more complex postures in indirect ophthalmoscopy procedures compared with procedures involving the slit-lamp or operating microscope. METHODS: Postures of the neck, back, and overall spine were measured by inclinometers on 13 VR surgeons. Each doctor was measured during 3 indirect examinations and 3 slit-lamp examinations (SLE), and then during 1 operating microscope procedure (phacoemulsification/vitrectomy) and 1 indirect procedure (indirect laser or cryotherapy/buckle). RESULTS: The average degree of flexion of neck/back/overall spine was significantly higher in indirect examinations compared with SLE (p < 0.01). SLE involved mainly neutral flexion, whereas indirect examinations involved significant time in moderate flexion of the neck and overall spine (42.2% and 76.2%, respectively), lateral bending of the back and overall spine (62.5% and 38%), and rotation of the neck and overall spine (76.6% and 32.1%). For indirect procedures, the neck was in moderate flexion and rotation approximately half of the time, and the overall spine was moderately flexed in >75% of the time. CONCLUSION: Based on biomechanical concepts, VR surgeons are at risk of developing spinal pain because they adopt postures that are described as ergonomically unacceptable. [Mh] Termos MeSH primário: Dor nas Costas/fisiopatologia Ergonomia Cervicalgia/fisiopatologia Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos Oftalmoscopia Postura Microscopia com Lâmpada de Fenda [Mh] Termos MeSH secundário: Fenômenos Biomecânicos Seres Humanos Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Oftalmológicos Estudos Retrospectivos Fatores de Risco Cirurgiões [Pt] Tipo de publicação: JOURNAL ARTICLE [Em] Mês de entrada: 1709 [Cu] Atualização por classe: 171116 [Lr] Data última revisão: 171116 [Sb] Subgrupo de revista: IM [Da] Data de entrada para processamento: 170604 [St] Status: MEDLINE

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